Researched Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Looked into Literary Analysis - Essay Example The customary tidy pram shows like flawless scenes, honest young men, cherishing guardians, immaculate guides, and the security gave by a perfect good request had deteriorated to the predicament of some modest and obsolete joke. Interestingly, the Bank’s story is set in a similarly grim feeling where the young people play with weapons and maryjane, young ladies are presented to sexual maltreatment and sex entertainment, passing and savagery consistently hide out of sight and everything eventually appears to come down to sex and cash. ‘Rule of the Bone’ gives off an impression of being a bleeding parody on the customary thought of American Dream where the world request is characterized by a thriving working class whose famous thought of achievement floats around vehicles, dish washers and the Sunday mass. Chappie, the hero in ‘Rule of the Bone’, on the off chance that one could consider him a hero in the genuine feeling of the word fits no place in this comfortable world request. Infact the main way he figures out how to penetrate this complex world is by breaking into a rich family’s summer house, alongside his companion Russ. Nonetheless, the going with foulness and grime that is by all accounts his destiny before long come to settle around him even in such cleaned quarters. Banks no place in his novel makes a cognizant or purposeful endeavor to make his characters affable or attempts to persuade out the unguarded compassion of his perusers for his characters (Kakutani 2). The ve ntures of a young person, who has issues with drugs, who places in with rough bikers who love to club gay people, who breaks trigger glad during angry outbursts and disappointment will surely not make a decent sleep time story. However, the incongruity is that Banks never means his book to be simply one more sleep time story. Actually, ‘Rule of the Bone’ is a show-stopper that shocks the awareness of its perusers out of their valued ideas of what is worthy

The Role of Observations in the Everyday Life Assignment

The Role of Observations in the Everyday Life - Assignment Example What follows are a portion of my memories from these events. A week ago I went to the shopping center to watch individuals through an alternate focal point. Our shopping center is multi-celebrated and has an assortment of shops that one can scrutinize. A shopping center is a social spot where individuals from varying backgrounds come to talk and act naturally. One frequently connects the shopping center with young people, however I was amazed to see the quantity of more seasoned individuals that were there also. So as to get a decent image of the shopping center, I sat on a seat outside the food court. From here, I had the option to watch individuals eating, just as shopping. Young people, typically, were noisy and clamorous. As I viewed, notwithstanding, I saw many old individuals utilizing the shopping center as a spot to walk. It was extraordinary to see them out in a social environment getting a charge out of some activity. There was a lot of non-verbal correspondence occurring. I saw the youngsters could apparently speak with one another across table essentially by their outward appearances. Likewise, I noticed a great deal of content informing occurring. This is very not quite the same as I would have suspected, however I guess it bodes well in today’s world. This affected their association by restricting the measure of real talking that was occurring. In this specific setting, the association was very casual. There were essentially gatherings of individuals getting a charge out of a day out with their companions. It was invigorating to observe such huge numbers of individuals leaving the considerations of this world outside and getting a charge out of a couple of long periods of value time with their loved ones. The supposition I take from this is get-togethers are required in our general public. There are a ton of interruptions in our day by day life, and the time we go through with those near is significant. The impressions I framed include the idea that correspondence styles are evolving quickly. Youngsters are moving towards more non-verbal correspondence, while more seasoned grown-ups still want to talk vis-à-vis. It will be intriguing to perceive how this happens in the future.â â

Articles of Confederation essay sample

Articles of Confederation essay sample Positive and negative things in the Articles of Confederation The first constitution of USA was the document that included 13 articles; it started to work since 1777. During that time, American people were afraid of strong governments and they needed an organization to hold states together and create a strong economy. The document proclaimed that a confederation need to be called as the United States of America but it didnt define it as “government” or “state”. It also set the equality of separated states, and that each state should have their own administration such as authority, power, freedom, sovereignty, etc. The document also defined peoples rights and says that all proclaimed rules are everlasting and only Congress has a right for changing them. Even before the end of Revolution, it was clear that the Articles have weak sides. For example, the largest part of power was in the state governments, and assembly had not enough power to charge taxes. Congress tried to solve this problem and asked states for approving the adjustment that would help. All states except of Rhode Island accepted the application, so it was defeated. The Congress couldnt collect taxes, so it had to solve the problem in other way, making some cash from selling western land. The need for approve any adjustment by all 13 states was another weakness in the document, even if it proclaimed only at least 9 states should vote for other legislation. Sometimes delegates from several states were not present, so important proposals and adjustments could be defeated. Other non-conformance of this document is Congress had lack of power to enforce laws. Apart from this, interstate or foreign business couldnt be standardized. In addition, states didnt have a single and steady currency, so trade with other countries was limited. Each state has their own money that were not accepted by others. States didnt have their own constant and good army in a case of fighting It was clear that the Articles were not strong enough to make a good financial system, provide legislation, make trade or proclaim war to other countries, if needed. Despite on defects, there were positive and strong things in the Articles. This document held all states together till the Constitution appearance. It brought the sense of national harmony because all states were proclaimed equal. It also encouraged cooperation between all states. The Northwest decree was a significant moment because it ensured that the US will grow and become a great country of huge size and power. Needless to say that the Articles has much weaker things than strong, just because states have got a big power when Congress had lack of it. With a brittle administration, all states couldnt work great as a single government. Articles of Confederation Essay Sample Each person, living in the USA should know the historical events of this country. The period when Articles of Confederation became law is preeminent to each American. Still, these days many historians used to discern about the aspect of Article of Confederation vs. Constitution. These two significant periods in the history of the US nation are frequently compared. The overarching goal of this essay is to compare both laws of one of the most dynamic and affluent countries on our planet. Articles of Confederation Definition In sober fact, this legislation was just the forerunner of the new and more powerful law â€" Constitution. It is the first constitution of the USA, but it wasn’t ideal, and we can’t conclude that it was successful and gave only benefits to the country. Nevertheless, it was a definite experience for the helm of state thanks to which they understood all mistakes they made. The approved version of this document was sent to ratification in 1777. Still, people started living, adhering to the rules of this law only in 1781. The prime objective of this document was to keep the sovereignty of the states of the country. Following this law, all 13 states were almost independent; they had the upper hand to make their own decisions. The primary authority was insufficient. Even before the moment it was ratified, the society used this document with an eye to run their businesses, collaborate with different foreign nations, deal with various local issues and even direct the American Revolutionary War. Gradually, the central authority became ineffective because of the limitations of the primary document of the country. Constitution of the USA: Several Historical Facts The Philadelphia Convention is regarded to be a nativity of the Constitution of the USA. The year 1787 is well familiar to each American. After the authority had acknowledged that the Articles of Confederations were ineffective for the country, they rendered a decision to enhance it. In 1789 the Constitution fully replaced the previous document and came into action. Still, these two documents are different, and our primary aim is to have a try to compare both of them. Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation Let’s analyze both documents according to each article: Following the Articles of Confederation, all states in the country are sovereign. In the new law, the sovereignty is subdivided between all states of the country. Thanks to this article, the central government acquired more power. Analyzing the independent executive, the first document had no of them. The Constitution gave an opportunity for an electoral college to adopt the independent executive. Articles of Constitution had no federal courts at all. It wasn’t allowed, all laws were created by the only body â€" state courts. Following the articles of the first document, the Congress had no taxing power. In the enhanced document the government corrected this mistake by adding the authority to gather different types of taxes. Articles of Constitution didn’t allow the Congress to have an effect on the foreign business. Having created the new law, they also corrected this mistake by giving Congress the possibility to control commerce. In the first document, which acted for several years, Congress was made up of only one body. Nevertheless, they changed this juncture by adding one more body to Congress. Every state had two Senators. To approve the legislation, the approval from all states was required. Writing the Constitution, they changed this rule, and now the approval of ¾ of states is required. Living, following to the standards of the Articles of Confederation, Congress was constrained in power. In the second (more enhanced) law, the situation has drastically changed. Such authority was wider. The only state government had the required arm of governance in the first document. Enacting the Constitution, they managed to change this rule by adding more power to state and central governments. We see that both documents are absolutely different. Still, each of them had a sway over the course of the history of this country. The first one is just a solid example of those things which a prosperous country shouldn’t do.

Personal Responsibility Leads to Success - 2418 Words

Personal Responsibility Leads To Success Personal responsibility to me means a person is capable of being accountable for his or her actions, family, college education, and career goals. To achieve the desired success in life it is the person responsibility. If one does not take responsibility for himself or herself, he or she will never be successful in anything he or she plans to achieve. To possess the following qualities: One must be self-discipline, practice on improving his or her time management and scheduling skills, and learn how to create a stress less environment. Doing these things, he/she can see how his or her personal responsibilities can lead to his or her success in college, family, and his or her professional career.†¦show more content†¦2. He or she should write all assignments and other appointments on the calendar, according to the assignment due date or the appointments scheduled day in different colors of ink or highlight each one with different colors of highlighter. 3. After a task is complete, mark through it so that one will know that he or she has completed that particular task. Aubin (2013) stated â€Å"There are many benefits to having time management skills. In general you are more effective in getting your work done. You can stop being reactive in your life and start working productively towards your goal† (Aubin, 2013). Those people, whom found they juggling school, work, and their home lives and whom did not have a time management schedule, usually would have to go back to their class syllabus or search online through their class e-mail to make sure that their assignments are turned in by the deadlines. Nevertheless, once those same people developed a schedule that helps them with time management they find it is easier to move forward. They also realize that after developing a schedule it helped them reach their goals. The last quality one needs to possess in personal responsibility to lead to success is a good stress management skill. There are probably fewer people who can say that they are not stressed out form work, family, or going to colle ge. Stress is going to come; you will face stress from family, work and college (Smith, 2012). Take control ofShow MoreRelatedHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Personal responsibility means to me holding yourself accountable for not only the successes in your life but also your downfalls. If a person can do this they will not only be successful in their education but in their careers and life in general. Even though some people who lack personal responsibility do just fine in life, personal responsibility will lead to my success in and beyond school because it gives me the confidence to succeed,Read MoreGen 200 Personal Responsibility Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Responsibility Goes Hand-in-Hand with Success GEN200 September 30, 2012 1 I define personal responsibility as being in charge of myself. Personal responsibility goes hand-in-hand with success because it is possible to fail if I am undisciplined with my time management. Being undisciplined can cause me to procrastinate. Maintaining good health is vital to my academic success. I must be aware of the consequences of managing my health poorly. Controlling stress levels ensures that I amRead MorePersonal Responsibility Rough Draft1736 Words   |  7 PagesSamuel Cedeno Gen/200 August 27, 2012 Instructor: Jennifer Smith Personal Responsibility Leads to Success Even though a person taking on too many responsibilities can lead to his or her downfall, personal responsibility can lead to success in higher education. Because responsibility is the force that binds an individual to the course of action demanded by the goal, personal responsibility can incur beneficial habits and admirable behaviors that will advocate successful outcome. The stateRead MoreGen 200 Personal Responsibility Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility and College Success Charles Roberts Jr. Gen/200 May 3, 2013 Ms. LaTaunya Howard Personal Responsibility and College Success Personal responsibility requires one to accept that every action, thought, decision, victory, and defeat in life ultimately is reliant upon and impacts them directly. When an individual accepts personal responsibility to be a college student, they are making a commitment to themself and taking ownership of their goals and ambitionsRead MoreSequence of Personal Responsibility886 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A proper definition of personal responsibility can be that provided by Rob Haskins that points out Personal responsibility is the willingness to both accept the importance of standards that society establishes for individual behavior and to make strenuous personal efforts to live by those standards. But personal responsibility also means that when individuals fail to meet expected standards, they do not look around for some factor outside themselves to blame. (2009) However, givenRead MoreIncorporating Effective Strategies for Success as a Student1351 Words   |  5 PagesA Plan to Incorporate Effective Strategies for Success as a Student The transition to college can be a difficult one. In addition to taking more difficult, more complex classes, many new college students are also experiencing a much greater degree of personal responsibility and independence than anything they have ever previously experienced. For some students, this transition is an easy one, and success in college comes with little or no effort. However, for many students, the transition is veryRead MorePersonal Responsibility and College Success Essay example1018 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility and College Success Desiree Rinker GEN/200 Professor Norma Nitkowski June 30, 2012 Personal Responsibility and College Success Even though personal responsibility varies from person to person,Read MorePersonal Responsibility Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Responsibility Essay Imagine going through your entire life without taking personal responsibility for absolutely anything. How would this method of operation affect your life? Day to day life would be chaotic, career advancement would be impossible, and concepts like intrapersonal relationships would quickly become overwhelming and unfeasible. The ability and drive to take personal responsibility in life is a central focal point in the areas of creating a successful life, defining goalsRead MorePersonal Responsibility Paper1419 Words   |  6 PagesOnly be responsible for personal decisions. Outline I. Overview II. Choices we make A. work B. To go to school C. To have a family III. Be responsible for my life A. Time To management 1. Prioritizing 2. Studying IV. Responsibility can lead to future success A. Happiness B. Leadership IV. Conclusion For Every Action Will Be a Reaction Personal responsibility to me is acknowledging responsibility for actions and decisionsRead MoreEssay on Taking Personal Responsibility in College1242 Words   |  5 PagesPracticing Personal Responsibility in College First name, Last name GEN/200 February 6, 2012 Teacher’s name Practicing Personal Responsibility in College Annotated bibliography References Carter, C., Bishop, J., amp; Kravits, S. L. (2011).  Keys to Effective Learning. Study Skills and Habits for Success  (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. This book is a well-known textbook concentrating on learning how to form effective study skills. This textbook

Reaction Paper On Limitless - 1592 Words

In the movie Limitless, Bradley Cooper plays author Eddie Mora who is in a state of mental stagnation and cannot write a word to fulfill his book deal. Early in the movie Eddie comes across a substance called â€Å"NZT†. This substance turned out to be a drug that could unleash his untapped cognitive potential. Within one day of taking the pill he was able to complete the stalled book and create his formula which later allowed him to become an enigma on Wall Street. The premise of the movie is very interesting for people who have looked at pushing their cognitive limits. This movie has drawn comparisons to the stimulant psychoactive drugs Adderall and Modafinil. While highly regulated and used to treat psychological issues, these drugs have†¦show more content†¦These four groups are depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, and stimulants. â€Å"Most psychoactive drugs are prescribed by your therapist or health care provider to treat a diagnosed mental illness, such as bi polar disorder or borderline personality disorder. Other psychoactive drugs, such as marijuana or cocaine, are taken illegally for recreational purposes† (Pedneault). Another new cognitive enhancement method was reported by the European College of Neuropsychopharmacoloy. This study showed and analyzed the effects of psychoactive drugs such as modafinil, adderall, and caffeine, on chess play performance against a chess program. Besides caffeine these are typically highly regulated and are not allowed solely for the purpose of cognitive enhancement. The participants were healthy and had no medical need for the drugs, yet the results showed significant cognitive improvements for Modafinil and Adderall. This is just one of the many studies that have been published indicating the possible use of psychoactives to boost cognitive ability without medical need. It must be noted that while the benefits of these drugs are clearly helpful, they are also deemed extremely addictive due to how it alters your brains happy chemicals. Stimulants: As the names suggest, if depressants depress our central nervous system then stimulants excite it. Stimulants can increase our heart rate, blood pressure, increase alertness, so when people take them they feel more awake orShow MoreRelatedChemical Reactions And Transformation Of Matter1146 Words   |  5 PagesChemists are scientists who study the composition, changes, reactions, and transformation of matter. 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Ethical Issues in Healthcare Euthanasia Free Essays

string(122) " choice and whether these decisions should be permitted, forbidden, or are morally required \(Larry Moore, 2008\)\." Introduction Frequently faced with decisions that impact on an individual’s quality of life, and with power over life or death, the healthcare profession encounters many ethical issues where the distinction between right and wrong is not always absolute. To ensure that the welfare of the patient is always of paramount importance, and to protect those involved with the patient’s care, healthcare organisations employ various ethical guidelines, committees, and procedures to handle these issues of morality. The main motive of a healthcare professional, and therefore a primary ethical issue, is that of promoting patient welfare above all other concerns, or beneficence. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Healthcare: Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Additionally, medical practitioners are compelled to consider three further important moral commitments. These are the patient’s right to choose their treatment, known as autonomy, non-maleficence (to first do no harm), and justice, ensuring the provision of fair and equal treatment for all patients (Gillion, 1994). An issue that creates conflict for decision-making in nearly all of these domains is euthanasia. Euthanasia may also be referred to as mercy killing, and is the act of a deliberate intervention with the intention of ending an individual’s life with the purpose of relieving intractable pain and suffering (House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics). Euthanasia has a variety of differing interpretations, being described as â€Å"Any action or omission intended to end the life of the patient on the grounds that his or her life is not worth living† by the Pro-life Society, and as a â€Å"Good death† by the Voluntary Euthanasia Society, who adopt the literal Greek translation â€Å"eu† and â€Å"thanatos† (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1999). Euthanasia has become a topic of increasing debate amongst medical professionals, journalists, and politicians, however remains illegal in the UK. There are several categories of euthanasia, and the classification depends on the level of patient consent. Voluntary euthanasia infers a request from the patient for premature death, whereas involuntary euthanasia is conducted without the request of the patient. Non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted where patients are not in the capacity to request premature death themselves. The ethical dilemmas encountered with euthanasia are the reason that the act is shrouded in such controversy. These will be discussed below, through the case study of Ramon Sampedro, who became quadriplegic after a swimming accident at the age of 25, and application of ethical theory. Ramon Sampedro described himself as â€Å"a head attached to a corpse† (Euthanasia), and appealed to local and high courts for euthanasia as he was unable to commit suicide himself. Sampedro felt that his decision should be respected and he was being denied the right to suicide. There are several ethical and moral considerations as to whether Sampedro’s request should have been granted or not. The sanctity of human life is expressed throughout religious scripture and moral rhetoric, and in the context of medical and healthcare ethics, manifests as a commitment to individuals’ right to health, to promote patient welfare and to do no harm (British Medical Association, 2007). The conflict between ending a life and non-maleficence is clear, however when considering the principle of beneficence, the definition of welfare comes under debate. Sampedro obviously felt his quality of life was so impaired that he would be better dead. Consider the case of Diane Pretty, a sufferer of motor neurone disease, a neurodegenerative disease that causes weakness and wasting of the muscles, creating difficulty walking, talking, eating, drinking, and breathing (Motor Neurone Disease Association). At the time of requesting her death, Mrs Pretty was paralysed from the neck down, virtually unable to speak, and being fed through a tube (Singer, 2002). Living a life plagued with problems and pain, and knowing that she would die a distressing and enduring death, Mrs Pretty’s welfare was evidently compromised. Wishing to die in a dignified and humane manner, Mrs Pretty took her case to the British courts, however requests for her husband to aid her death were rejected by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights on the grounds of it being assisted suicide (Singer, 2002). The cases of Diane Pretty and Roman Sanpedro highlight a conflict between non-maleficence in which action would be taken to end human life, and promoting individual welfare and autonomy. The outcomes of the above cases are in stark contrast to that of Mrs B. Mrs B was paralysed from the neck down, and kept alive by ventilator. Mrs B also professed a will to die, claiming her life was not worth living, and requested the ventilator be turned off (Singer, 2002). Due to her request for passive euthanasia, where treatment is withdrawn or not provided, the decision to turn off the ventilator and bring about her death was granted. In contrast, active euthanasia as with Pretty and Sampedro requires the implementation of a deliberate act to bring about death. Whilst all parties express the same will to die and implore an identical end result, only the autonomy of Mrs B was respected. The distinction between the two types of euthanasia lies in that of letting die versus actively killing, known as the acts/omission doctrine. Many medical professionals, ethicists and philosophers support this doctrine, illustrated by Clough (1968) who quotes; â€Å"Thou shalt not kill but needs t not strive, officiously, to keep alive†. However, others have differences of opinion. In his interpretation of the acts/omission doctrine, Blackwell (1996) illustrates how an act which is considered ethically right may infer the same immoral consequence as an act considered ethically wrong; â€Å"Thus suppose I wish you dead, if I act to bring about your death I am a murderer, but if I happily discover you in danger of death, and fail to save you, I am not acting and therefore, according to the doctrine, I am not a murderer†. In this ironic depiction of the doctrine, Blackwell (1996) acknowledges the power of intent, action, and consequence as a whole when approaching an ethical issue. The acts/omission doctrine follows a school of thought frequently referred to in medical ethics, that of Deontology, where the focus is on choice and whether these decisions should be permitted, forbidden, or are morally required (Larry Moore, 2008). You read "Ethical Issues in Healthcare: Euthanasia" in category "Essay examples" The morality of a decision is judged on its adherence to certain percepts, which include duties towards anyone, for example ‘do not lie’, and duties relating to one’s individual circumstance and relationships, such as ‘provide for your children’ (Lacewing, 2006). Deontological thought insists that if certain ethical principles are followed, behaviour is moral and just, regardless of the consequences. Conversely, even if the end result is good, if the means are immoral the act is unjustified. This infers that an end can never justify its means, for example; lying is always wrong even if it protects someone in the end. When co nsidering the issue of euthanasia, a deontological approach proposes a thought process for decision-making, however does encounter moral conflict when considering whether euthanasia as a general principle is justified and ethically acceptable. A key percept of deontology when applied to clinical ethics is to heal (Pellegrino, 2005) therefore one can deduce that all forms of killing are wrong, and Sampedro should not be assisted in his death. However, if healing meant giving a patient medication with the intent of pain relief that would lead to their death, a deontological perspective would neglect the end consequence and permit the means. Deontology permits the duty of administering medication to relieve pain, however, if the same act were performed with the duty to kill, the act would be morally wrong and thus forbidden. This is an example of the rule of double effect, where outcomes that would be morally wrong if they were caused intentionally are admissible if they are foreseen b ut unintended (Quill, Dresser Brock, 1997). By not intervening to relieve insufferable pain, the medical professional is inflicting harm on the patient, however to provide the dose of pain relief may hasten their death. The rule of double effect has been proposed to be ethically sound if several criteria are satisfied. These ensure that the physician did not intend maleficence either as a means or an end, that the nature of the choice is good, and that the good outweighs the bad (Marquis, 1991). The rule of double effect may enable physicians to overcome hesitations in providing pain relieving medications proportionally to their potential harmful effects (Quill, Dresser Brock, 1997) and is a deontological principle that has potential for making some instances of euthanasia permissible. Despite this, intent is difficult to interpret and prove, which can elicit abuse of the notion, or create difficulties for those acting under good intent with inability to prove such. In the case of Sanpedro, he does not need medication, and any intervention with such would have been an immoral act as the means would only be to bring about death. When considering the distinction between passive and active euthanasia, deontology places emphasis on the intrinsic features of individual’s actions and considers duties, principles, and the rights-claims of those involved (Candee Puka, 1984). Therefore in accord with the principle of non-maleficence (ensuring patients’ right to be done no harm), and the duty of care that compels a healthcare professional, an intervention to directly cause death, or active euthanasia, would be considered immoral and strongly opposed by deontological principles. Alternatively, passive euthanasia is more in line with a deontological approach, which involves a decision based out of the respect for the patient’s wish, and with the aim of doing good. Passive euthanasia respects the patient’s right to refuse treatment regardless of the consequence. A contrasting ethical approach is the utilitarian perspective, which postulates that morality judgement is dependent on a decision’s consequence, and that this consequence must be weighted for its utility. Classically, utility and well-being are determined by the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain (Bentham, 1823) however, this has expanded to consider knowledge, autonomy, friendship and economic value (Hooker, 1997). Consider the prospect of euthanasia in the instance of a patient experiencing severe and chronic pain, in a state of incapacity that prevents them from functioning without aid. A utilitarian philosophy would weigh the intense physiological and psychological suffering experienced by the patient against the patient’s autonomy and the relief that would come with death. The thought of death to this individual is pleasurable, and would provide happiness, whereas an individual living a fulfilling life is made unhappy by the thought of their death. With a utilitarian perspective, if Sampedro could provide adequate justification for his death, his request may be deemed permissible. Utilitarianism does not distinguish between active and passive euthanasia, as its focus is on the morality of the end consequence rather than the act by which it is brought about. A particular difficulty faced when approaching euthanasia with a utilitarian perspective is that of when the balance becomes tipped, deciding when it is that a person becomes better off dead than alive (Mitchell, 1995). It is important to acknowledge that happiness or unhappiness is not permanent and may be changed (Sheldon Lyubomirsky, 2006). For some, pain, suffering and despair may be enduring, however for another, whilst unhappiness may be prominent in the initial throws of a terminal illness, as they adapt they may again begin to find fulfilment and enjoyment in life. The case of Joni Eareckson Tada poignantly illustrates this proposal. After suffering a diving accident at the age of 18, Joni became paralysed from the neck down, and during her rehabilitation experienced anger, depression and suicidal thoughts, and â€Å"begged my friends to aid me in suicide†. 38 years on, Jodi now professes â€Å"It concerns me deeply that now we live in a culture which capitalises on that depression and reinforces to people like myself that ‘you’re better off dead than disabled’. That is unfortunate, that’s sad, that is evil.† (Swanson). Autonomy, the respect for an individual’s self-determination and responsibility for their own healthcare decision, is acknowledged in relation to both the means and consequence of euthanasia. This is something emphasised by the British Medical Association (2006). In the request for active euthanasia, patient autonomy conflicts with non-maleficence, where a doctor is required to cause harm to the patient, and in request for passive euthanasia, patient autonomy conflicts with beneficence, where a doctor cannot act to prevent harm. Again the definition of beneficence and non-maleficence depends greatly on the connotation of ‘harm’. For euthanasia to be justified, the harm of letting someone die must be less than the harm in keeping them alive. Patient autonomy also depends on the capacity to consent, where a patient must have the information necessary to understand the severity of any medical decision and the benefits and risks that will accompany the outcome (UCSF). In cases where patients are unable to make or comprehend decisions due to incapacity, difficulties arise where decisions must be made on their behalf. Sampedro evidently had a full informed understanding of his decision; however the maleficence caused by someone having to kill him would outweigh his wish. The issue of capacity to consent highlights the importance of personhood with respect to euthanasia. Singer (1979) proposes that only humans with rationality are ‘persons’ and therefore deserving of rights and respect. Following the theories of Singer and other western bioethicists, it may be inferred that those who are not classified as persons, do not have the same rights and do not command the same dignity. Fletcher (1972) proposed that, amongst others, alcoholics, the mentally ill, those in a persistent vegetative state and the senile are not considered ‘persons’. If the lives of these individuals are not to be held with the same moral considerations, the impetus for euthanasia is greater, as justification comes from relieving societal expense and resources. The ecological validity of these theories is demonstrated as the definition of personhood is frequently raised with regard to decisions to terminate treatment at the end of life, and for those in veg etative states (Cranford Randolph Smith, 1987). Whilst individuals lacking the consciousness do not command the same moral respect for autonomy, a rational and sentient person, such as Sampedro, demands moral obligation, and therefore the right to autonomy. This again highlights the conflict between the various moral duties resonant to euthanasia; if someone is deemed rational, should their wish to die not be respected? The dilemma of euthanasia is likely to be a topic of contention for many years to come. Whilst both deontological and utilitarian philosophies provide moral grounds with which to approach the issue, each individual case and request owes its own appraisal and sweeping generalisations cannot be made. The British Medical Association (BMA) (2006) alludes to the dangers of these generalisations, stating that resulting pressures from scarcity of NHS resources, marginalisation of the inarticulate, and emotional, psychological and financial tensions can lead to poor decision making by the ill or disabled. These pressures may impinge on an individual’s rationality, affecting both the means behind their decision for euthanasia, and their perception of the consequences. Whilst someone may be happy living with disability, possibility of euthanasia opens up avenue for manipulation, where individuals are coerced into premature death to benefit or relieve family members. The BMA (2006) ackno wledge the principles of autonomy (where a person’s wish for euthanasia should be valued) and beneficence (with respect to ending suffering) are compelling theories, however concern arises from how interpretation of these in society may lead to a change in perception of the chronically ill, disabled, or mentally impaired. The notion that these people have the right to premature death may mean that they are not considered as societal equals and creates implications for protection of the vulnerable. Sampedro eventually died 29 years later as a result of poisoning. Despite the decision against active euthanasia, Sampedro still maintained his wish. This may highlight the validity of such wishes. However, in my opinion, and that of religious scripture, Sampedro’s death was the loss of a dignified and valuable human life equal to all others despite his disability. Life is given by God, and therefore only he should have the right to take it away. Enabling the poisoning of Sampedro meant that someone had interfered with this natural, spiritual process, and brought about the death of an innocent man which can only be deemed as murder, and morally unacceptable. References: Bentham, J. (1823) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Blackburn, S. (1996) The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. British Broadcasting Corporation (1999) Euthanasia Special Report [WWW] BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/background_briefings/euthanasia/331256.stm [Accessed 02/05/2012]. British Medical Association (2007) Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide: Do the morals arguments differBMA Medical Ethics Department. Candee, D. and Puka, B. (1984) An analytic approach to resolving problems in medical ethics. Journal of Medical Ethics, 10, pp. 61-70. Clough, A. (1968) The Latest Decalogue. In: A. Norrington, The Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough, pp. 60-61. Cranford, R. and Randolph Smith, D. (1987). Consciousness: the most critical moral (constitutional) standard for human personhood. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 13, pp. 233-248. Euthanasia (n.d), Cases in History [WWW]. Available from: http://www.euthanasia.cc/cases.html [Accessed 04/05/2012]. Fletcher, J. (1972) Indicators of humanhood: a tentative profile of man. Hastings Centre Report, 2(5), pp. 1-4. Gillion, R. (1994) Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. British Medical Journal, 309, pp. 184. Hooker, B. (1997) Rule-utilitarianism and Euthanasia, In: H. LaFollette (ed.) Ethics in Practice. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 42-52. House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics (1993) Report of the Select Committee on Medical Ethics (HL Paper 21-I of 1993-4). Lacewing, M (2006) Revise Philosophy for AS Level. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Larry, A. and Moore, M. (2008). Deontological Ethics. In: E. Zalta, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [WWW]. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=ethics-deontological [Accessed 02/05/2012]. Marquis, D. (1991) Four versions of double effect. Journal of Medical Philosophy, 16, pp. 515-544. Mitchell, D. (1995). The importance of being important: euthanasia and critical interests in Dworkin’s life’s dominion. Utilitas, 7(2), pp. 301-314. Pellegrino, E. (2005) Moral absolutes in clinical ethics. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 26(6), pp. 469-486. Quill, T., Dresser, R. and Brock, D (1997) The rule of double effect: a critique of its role in end-of-life decision-making. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, pp. 1768-1771. Sheldon, K. and Lyubomirsky, S. (2006) Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: change your actions not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(1), pp.55-86. Singer, P. (2002) Ms B and Diane Pretty: a commentary. Journal of Medical Ethics, 28, pp. 234-235. Singer, P. (1979) Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swanson, C (2005) Notes in the Key of Life [WWW] ShabbyBlogs.com. Available from: http://cindyswanslife.blogspot.co.uk/2005/02/my-interview-with-joni-eareckson-tada.html [Accessed 01/05/2012]. UCSF (n.d) Fast Facts: Beneficence vs Non-maleficence. [WWW] UCSF School of Medicine. Available from: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ethics/Content%20Pages/fast_fact_bene_nonmal.htm [Accessed 01/05/2012]. How to cite Ethical Issues in Healthcare: Euthanasia, Essay examples

Justification Paper Essays - Carl Sandburg, House Of Vasa

Justification Paper JUSTIFICATION PAPER Carl Sandburg was unique compare to many other poets. All of the poems that he wrote were short and straight to the point. You would not find any poems that he had written that are over a page, yet still; his poems are very easy to understand. Sandburg lived through a lot of historic events, so all of his poems were about those historic events. As you know, history isn't always exciting or easy to learn. Yet, Sandburg was able to write about those times in a way that an average high school student can understand, unlike other poets like Emily Dickinson or Edgar Allen Poe. Carl Sandburg should be included in an anthology of American poetry because of his writing technique and experience. Sandburg used a lot of the generalization methods to make his poems simpler to understand. Even though we know that sometimes-generalizing things are not good, Sandburg did a great job of it and was still able to write out everything he wanted to. Like I said, Carl Sandburg lived through some of the most famous historic events in the United States of all time. He had seen events like World War I, the roaring 1920s, the Depression, World War II, the New Deal, and the Cold War. The anthology of American poetry needs more poets with his kind of experience. I'll bet you that he never had trouble trying to figure out what to write about. The poem I chose by Carl Sandburg was a poem called JAWS. It's a poem about World War I, and it talks about how the countries that were involved in the war had a chance to prevent war, but they ignored it. This poem should be included as an example of the poets' work because it's saying what we think and feel. When we learn about how World War I was started, we would be thinking don't these countries realize what they're getting themselves into and don't they have consciences. The poem JAWS talks about all these things so we can relate to it. Another reason why I think this poem should be included as an example of the poets' work is because it's short and straight to the point. If you were to give a high school student a choice of either reading a page long poem or a paragraph long poem, most chances are that student will pick the paragraph long one. And just because the poem JAWS is short doesn't mean it's not well written or incomplete with information. It has enough information fo r that certain type of poem and probably even an elementary student can understand it. This poem can be included in the canon because it's about history and history is being taught on for all generations. It also should be included in the canon because not many poems in the canon are as short yet still contains so much information. Poetry and Poets