Camille Georges8-402SS8 AHON Chapter 20.1, 20.2, Essays

Camille Georges8-402SS8 AHON: Chapter 20.1, 20.2, 20.3 Progress Questions 1-2Chapter 20.11a) What benefit did Seaward see in acquiring Alaska?- The benefit he saw was that it was a stepping stone for trade with Asian and the Pacific. I know this because in the book it states, Alaska is twice the size of Texas. This gave America a big boost in land that they owned. They were being greedy but they didn't care. They wanted more land.1b) Why did people call the purchase of Alaskan lands Seaward's Folly?- The people called it Seaward's Folly because many people didn't that buying was a good idea because they saw it as a frozen wasteland. Folly usually means foolishness and most people thought that his choice in buying it was dumb or a mistake. I know this because in the book it says, Many Americans opposed the purchase. Some saw Alaska as a Frozen wasteland--Seward's Folly or Seward's Icebox.2a) In what three ways did US supporters of expansion justify increased involvement in world affai rs?- Three ways were promoting economic growth, spreading American values, and protecting overseas interest. I know this because in the book it exclaims, Americans debuted a new sort of Manifest Destiny that would extend overseas. Supporters of expansion offered a variety of arguments for increased involvement in world affairs.2b) How did the division of Samoa and the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands benefit the US?- It benefitted the US because it was a strategic location for military outposts for them to refill their boats and to resupply their troops. I know this because in the book it says, U.S. steamship companies and missionaries fanned interest in Samoa, a chain of islands in the south Pacific. The steamship companies and the U.S. Navy wanted to set up coaling sations, where ships could stock up on coal.Chapter 20.21a) What role did the press play in rallying the American support for a war in Cuba?- The role that the press played was that there was a lot of yellow journalis m and the use of sensational headlines and stories so that more people would buy and read the journalism which accented the abuses of Cubans by the Spanish. I know this because in the book it says, Cubans rose up again in 1895. To suppress the new revolt, the Spanish began a policy of reconcentration. In the Spanish camps, food was scarce and sanitation poor. As a result, an estimated 200,00 Cubans died.1b) What motivated the United States to enter into a war with Spain?- One reason was that a fight had broken out in Havana, Cuba's capital, so president McKinley called for the USS Maine. During this, the battleship blew up and the press started to blame Spain because it killed 260 men. In addition, they had also wanted Spain's colonies.2a) What were the terms of the peace treaty between the United States and Spain?- The terms were that Spain had to accept Cuban independence. It also had granted Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands of Guam and Wake yo the US. In retur n for this, the US paid Spain 20 million dollars.2b) How had the US replaced Spain as a colonial power in the world?- The US replaced Spain as a colonial power in the world because after the Spanish American War, the US took over many of the areas that used to be owned by Spain. Spain was mad because slowly America was getting larger and the Spanish empire was dying. They wanted to be bigger mad because America was like the little brother, it crushed its big brother easily which was a massive victory.Chapter 20.31a) Why was the building of a canal so important to the US?- They needed a shorter route through Central America and it would make it easier for US navy to defend the nation's new overseas empire.1b) What events led to the eventual building of the Panama Canal?- A revolt took place in which the US helped the rebels and immediately recognized the independent republic of Panama. A french Panama representative signed a treaty granting canal rights to America. The US had to elim inate malaria and yellow fever in Panama.2a) According to President Wilson, what was

Tabula rasa Essay Example

Tabula rasa Essay Example Tabula rasa Paper Tabula rasa Paper The role of genetics, the environment, the child, and the need for past as prologue What does the past as prologue mean? The degree to which it is deemed necessary to consider the past to understand the present What does the born this way model emphasize? Role of genetics in development What does the born this way model discredit? The environment What did behaviorism represent? Children as passive recipients of colonization influences Which model was the most popular when Pigged first came into the picture? Nurture model Who said that humans are blank slates? John Locke What is the term used for blank slate? Tabular Rasa What does the blank slate theory mean? Individuals are built without built-in mental content and that their knowledge moms from experience and perception What did Watson believe to be true about why children develop the way that they do? Observing children, rather than speculating on their ancestry Did Watson agree with John Lockers blank slate theory? Yes What was Watson view on development in general? Complex motives and behaviors can be built upon via classical conditioning What was the study Watson used to prove his point? Little Albert and conditioned fear Watson famous quote was known for what? No matter who you are and where you come from, you can turn into anything What is classical conditioning? The association of some behaviors with specific stimuli and even show how some stimuli that now elicit responses might not have done so once in the past How did Watson make the little boy afraid of rats? He made an obnoxious sound every time the boy reached for the rat, he was not afraid of rats before but became so with time Why was classical conditioning not a successful theory? Hard to test scientifically, absurdly complicated as an explanation for motivated behavior (usually just a simple emotional response) What did skinner believe to be true about how children develop? The environment was primary source of explanation for behavior, useless to study the brain and thinking processes What did skinner emphasize the most when it came to understanding thoughts? We have brains, but you did not need to understand thoughts to understand behavior What did skinner call thought? The black box What did skinner believe to be true about understanding behavior? Relations between what goes on in the environment and how the organism behaves What was different about what Watson believed and what skinner believed? Skinner didnt think that classical conditioning was all that important , he leveled that behavior is predicted by rewards and punishments What is reinforcement? Things happen more frequently if they are rewarded What is extinction? When rewards are taken away, the behavior IS likely to stop happening What is punishment? Instead of something satisfying happening, something adverse followed What did bandeau believe to be true about development? People learn things observationally and imitating others (role model) What is the critical distinction in knowledge and performance? Even if we know how to do something we dont always do it What did bandeau believe about the brain? Behavior is cognitively based What did bandeau believe to be the most powerful motive in development? Self-efficacy: ones belief in his/her ability to control their own life, (it is not what they know but what they believe about themselves) What the dominant model in the mid asss? Environmental model What was the name of the dominant model before Pigged? Mechanistic child: children develop as a machine, predictable What did Pigged assume about a child? Active participant, relationship with the world is adaptive, child is creating equilibrium, constrained by what the child already knows What kind of thinkers did Pigged believe children were? Fundamentally different kind of thinkers, not just inexperienced and immature Pigged on A-not-B? ; Babies fail at this task because they do not have the concept of Object permanence. For 8-1 a-month-olds, an object is acting and sensing. Its location, the search itself, is part of the object, Babies older than 12 months, succeed at the task because they are able to form and abstract mental representation of the object. What was the key to Piglets behavior about young children? Young children were simply not less skilled or learned about denied objects, they cannot separate the concept of an object from the actions it takes to retrieve it from under a cloth (A Not Be) What is the self- determination theory? While people are often motivated to act by external rewards such as money, prizes, and acclaim (known as extrinsic motivation), self-determination theory focuses primarily on internal sources of motivation such as a need to gain knowledge or independence (known as intrinsic motivation). According to self-determination theory, people need to feel the following in order to achieve such psychological growth Competence: People need to gain mastery f tasks and learn different skills Connection or Relatedness: People need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Leadership - Assignment Example The actions of every person should mind the effect they have to other people. Utilitarianism emphasizes on equality for there to be a state of understanding. All people in an organization should ensure that their actions produce happiness to most people (Trevino & Weaver, 1994). However, it is sometimes difficult to please all people and at time, what is right tends not to please people. The theory, therefore, has to accompany by other theories for it to be sufficient. According to this theory, actions of people are only good if they respect the rights of other individuals (Hasnas, 2008). It requires that every employee mind the rights of other employees in the work environment. The organization itself should also ensure that its actions do not violate the rights of the public. The actions of one person should not hinder the other people from performing their duties comfortably. Applying this theory ensures that all people are comfortable in the work environment, and it fosters teamwork (Hasnas, 2008). However, it is possible for the rights of people to conflict and hence creating an unavoidable violation of the duty and rights ethics theory. It is difficult for an action to be according to rights of all people in a workplace with diversified people. A virtue is what is morally accepted as good or bad in a certain society or an organization. Every organization has a unique culture, which has specific virtues that facilitate the achievement of goals and good relationship of people. This theory requires that the actions of every individual should respect the ethics of the organization (Derry & Green, 2009). It also requires that an organization should respect the value-system of the society in which it operates. Virtue ethics determines the image of an organization, and it helps in maintaining an organizational culture. Acting according to this theory ensure that all employees are virtuous, and their actions are goo and

Construction management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction management - Essay Example The schedule may specify the specific roles for the unskilled and skilled. For instance, starting time can be set at 7am and ending at 5pm. Similarly, construction manager is required to consider the pay rate of overtime schedule. The major role of the unskilled workers involves preparation of construction material mix, timely. The superintendent is responsible in carrying out the activities as instructed by the construction manager and with the help of the project or center map. The function of the superintendent to perform close examination to ensure that, the laid daily schedule is followed such that, the set down period for the whole construction process can be adhered to. More over, the superintendent ensures that the specified ratio of the materials is followed to the latter. The superintendent, ensures that proper records of equipment is well taken especially when begging the daily schedule and at the end of every day. This practice is endeavored to ensure safety and availabil ity of such equipment as to when and where they are needed in the right condition. Labor situation The concept of labor requires the underlying principle of availability to be embraced. Te superintendent, under the construction manager’s instruction should ensure that, the adequate labor is sustained all through the construction period. The labor schedule depends on the schedule of each day. For instance, less sub supervisors may be required when more work requires the supervisors. The superintendent, who in turn reports to the construction manager, directly does all this labor adjustments with proper consultation of the supervisors. However, in some cases, the superintendent can deny the construction managers’ projected schedule if it appears untenable. A successful completion of this project entirely depended on the cordial and timely coordination of among the supervisors, superintendent and the construction. There should be continuous flow of correct information fro m top to down and vice versa. It should be observed that, the three levels of command have to coordinate all the activities in the site wit all aspects of professionalism and ethics. Construction ethics is necessary follow element because of its fundamental benefits attributed to it. The site and construction ethics ensures smooth coordination and reduced incidents of accidents. Start up considerations At the commencement of the center’s activities, numerous start-up considerations are critical for a good start. Some of these include the operation staff, which includes the management team and the ordinary staff, training of the employees, motivation and general maintenance of the center facilities. The considerations should be carried out with outmost honesty and professionalism, particularly when recruiting the staff to set a pace, which may form the company’s norm. Operations staff The owner of the DMD intends to carry out all the activities involving management recr uitment. These activities include advertisement for various job opportunities. Having been the district human resource manager at the department of Health and sanitation, he has apt experience in recruiting the required team, which will perform assigned duties in tandem with the dynamism in this industry. The center owner will have to select the appropriate

Macbeth - Monologue script as Fleance Assignment

Macbeth - Monologue script as Fleance - Assignment Example sh that your beloved husband, my father has passed away.Sorrow weighs upon my heart like an anchor, and it drowns me to the depths of this ocean of hopeless hopes. The events that led to this horrendous moment in my life are still hard for my tongue to speak of them because Im still shocked by the death of my father. As dad and I dismounted from our horses, we lit a torch due to the night being pitch black with an atmosphere of tragedy looming above our heads.Almost like a premonition, my father said:†It will rain tonight† (3:3:16).These three men murdered Father, and I could do nothing to save him.By the abundance of grace from the heavens, I escaped by a whisker. However, the image of father’s life was slowly leaving his body was painted on the walls of my head.I then remembered what he told me concerning the prediction the witches portended on father’s descendants.It became as clear as the blue in the sky that Macbeth played a significant role in the demise of my beloved father.It was further enhanced after I saw the identity of one of the murderers as father held them off while I escaped.Anguish and rage descended upon me and his last words, etched in my memory would become my spear of vengeance that would destroy Macbeth and his infernal reign over the land. It might be highly possible that while father was being killed, Macbeth would make an appearance in front of people, and this would be his perfect alibi.While he did this, he could have his minions kill father, and if this did not succeed, he might have resolved to frame father for the murder of Duncan, which would justify his execution. Oh mother I have heard the â€Å"Foul whisperings† of â€Å" unnatural deeds†(5:1:61) for the gossips are abroad in the eating halls of the Thanes, the market places, and the kitchens, with rumours that Macbeth and his Lady are â€Å"in blood stepped in so far â€Å" (3:4:136-137). The rumor was that Lady Macbeth was the principal orchestrator to King Duncan’s death

Clytemnestra Antigone: Inescapable Femininity

Clytemnestra Antigone: Inescapable Femininity In Aeschylus and Sophocles portrayals, women who are masculine are feminized when they confront death; the reassumption of orthodoxy reflects how women cannot truly break away from their femininity regardless if they resist it in Greek society. Aeschylus tragic heroine Clytemnestra is undoubtedly one of the most masculine women in the play, yet she is compelled to surrender her masculine features in the aftermath of her murder. When Orestes prepares to strike his mother, Clytemnestra elicits an evocation of femininity by exposing her breast to him and pleading, Wait, my son no respect for this, my child? The breast you held, drowsing away the hours / soft gums tugging the milk that made you grow? (The Libation Bearers, 883-885) The image of Orestes tenderly suckling the nourishing milk from his mothers breast temporarily makes Orestes question his own righteousness and signifies the queens return to motherhood. Aeschylus accentuates the feminine effect by contrasting this scene to Clytemnestras callous demand for a man-axe. Furthermore, Clytemnestras breast alludes to the maternity and sensuality associated with the female body. Despite exercising total control in prior events, Clytemnestra, in her most vulnerable moment, is forced to reoccupy her feminine role when threatened to pay with her life for Agamemnons death. Clytemnestras masculine power is ultimately illusory, and for her transgression she is reminded that she is, in essence, a woman. Sophocles reflects a similar sentiment to Aeschylus portrayal of women. Throughout the play, Antigone was firmly recalcitrant on dying, but her resolve wavers when she confronts death. Walking towards the the tomb where she will perish, she mourns, No marriage bed, no marriage  song for me / and since no wedding, so no child to rear / I go, without a friend, struck down by faith (Antigone, 918-922). Antigones headstrong demeanor relents to self-pity, and she rues that she will never experience the joyous celebrations and hallmarks of female growth. She will die husbandless and childless, unfulfilled in her female role, with no family nor friends to bewail her death. The source of her masculinity, her willful act to die in defiance of the law, significantly weakens and is replaced with regretful yearning for her natural life. Antigones indifference to death is supplanted by feminine vulnerability and sensitivity. Sophocles portrays through her brief remorse that though she behaved m asculinely, she is still emotionally overtaken by her foundation as a woman in the end. The examples discussed prior exhibit how Clytemnestra and Antigone react to the impending death. Hereafter, I will discuss the ways Aeschylus and Sophocles portray women when they take personal responsibility for their actions by means of death. Femininity is permanently imposed on Antigone and Clytemnestra in their demise regardless of their deliberate resistance against the social norm. Orestes reinstates Clytemnestras femininity by forcing upon her the proper role of a wife. He drags her to Aegisthus corpse and coldly says,You love your man? Then lie in the same grave. You can never be unfaithful to the dead (The Libation Bearers, 881-882). Criticizing Clytemnestras infidelity in her first relationship, Orestes sought to rectify her wrongdoing by coercing her into devotion for her second lover. Orestes demands that Clytemnestra fulfills her role as a wife with Aegisthus, the role that she had neglected with Agamemnon. By slaying Clytemnestra along with her lover, her loyalty will be imperishable and her duty as a wife  eternally etched in death a sour exit for someone who has been too keen in escaping their femininity. In this scene, Aeschylus portrays death as the mediator that conclusively resolves Clytemnestras ambiguity of gender in favor of her womanly roles. No matter how much Clytemnestra tries to escape her femininity in life, death is definite; the quee ns downfall perpetually reestablishes her role as a woman. Similarly, Antigone is forced against her will to be wedded in death. At first glance, Antigones death could be interpreted as masculine; she commits suicide as a final act of defiance against Creon, to take away his power by dying through her own hands. Additionally, Antigone dies a virgin, a symbolic rebellion against the traditional female role. Sophocles, however, refutes her masculine decisions by illustrating her as a bride in death, an expressive depiction of femininity. Antigone refers to her cave, O tomb, o marriage chamber, hollowed out / house that will watch forever, where I go (Antigone, 891-892). The marriage chamber and house, commonly symbolic of the sphere of private life, will never depart from Antigone in death. Antigones death mirrors Clytemnestras demise in her actual home. Neither Antigone nor Clytemnestra can stray away from their obligations to the domestic sphere the houses they die in restore their identities as women. Moreover, Antigones marriage chamber is fully realized when Haemon commits suicide beside her. The messenger describes the debacle, Corpse on corpse, [Haemon] lies. He found his marriage, its celebration in the halls of Hades. (Antigone. 1240-1241) Powerless to change her image, Antigone assumes the role of a bride in death, and Haemon her groom. The image of Haemon caressing and resting against Antigones corpse resembles intimate consummation after marriage. Their paired deaths echoes those of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus Antigones rebellious act against the norm is involuntarily transformed into an image of exceptional femininity. In supplement to these portrayals of wifehood, Aeschylus and Sophocles emphasize the same body part to recall their essential femininity. When Antigone is caught in a noose / of her own linen veiling, (Antigone, 1221-1222), Sophocles directs the focus particularly on Antigones neck. Aeschylus also establishes an identical focus; Orestes confesses in his trial, I drew my sword more, I cut [Clytemnestras] throat (Eumenides, 598) Attention is centered to the neck for the same reason as Clytemnestras breast; it magnifies the feminine aspects of vulnerability and sensuality. Moreover, the linen noose mirrors the delicate tapestries, the life of the house (Agamemnon, 946) that Clytemnestra laid out for her husband to tread on; these fabrics symbolize the daintiness of a woman that Agamemnon himself has violated by sacrificing Iphigenia. It is only cruel irony that the same material that created these tapestries is responsible for Antigones death; she has literally succumbed to femininity when forced to take personal responsibility for her actions, her masculine acts of disobedience overshadowed by her feminine presentation in death. Clytemnestra and Antigones fierce independence and persistent defiance of the social norm makes them appear strikingly heroic. But in their rebellious aftermath, death arbitrates this dispute in favor of the orthodox; women who transgress the territory of gender are forced to reconcile with their womanliness. In Aeschylus and Sophocles vision, masculine women cannot truly escape from their femininity. Ismenes ominous warning, wrong from the start, to chase  what cannot be, (Antigone, 92) epitomizes the position of women like Clytemnestra and Antigone in patriarchal Greek society they are merely pursuing an impossibility. Traditional Malay House: Overview Traditional Malay House: Overview The traditional Malay house is one of the richest components of Malaysias cultural heritage. The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze traditional vernacular Malay house being modernized and the effects of modern material applied. Though the modernization process transforms and changes the materials, it still maintains the original building design, function, decorative element, and cultural importance to its local context. Literature reviews based on various sources regarding the traditional vernacular Malay house are referred, as well as interviews of the house owner will be conducted. To further enhance the research, the Malay houses in Kampong Bharu, Kuala Lumpur were chosen as the prime example of the modern vernacular Malay house. Malaysia is a tropical climatic country due to its place in the central part of the Southeast Asia. The design of the roof was steep and it was elevated is to cater the monsoon rain season in Malaysia. Due to the warm climate, most of the Malay houses have large openings on the sides and grilles are provided at the high level gable ends and the building its raised up are for ventilation purposes. There are three major elements of the traditional Malay house, which is transformed into modern context, namely the roof, window and pillars. The vernacular houses attempts to adhere to traditional life style even though it used modern construction materials while maintaining, the cultural and traditional design of Malay house. Nowadays the use of traditional materials has diminished. Unfortunately, these sustainable qualities of Malay house have transformed. Hence, through the study there are advantages and disadvantages using modern construction materials in traditional Malay house. While one exemplifies a deep cultural significance, the other is an immediate response to the evolving environment. It is intriguing that many aspects of architectural styles and its applications were discovered through this case study research . Case study (Kampung Bharu, Kuala Lumpur) This study is to analyze the modern traditional vernacular Malay house. How is the origin Malay house being transform into modern vernacular houses and what is the effect of contemporary materials. The kampong Baru is located in the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala lumpur. This is a reserved area for the Malay ethnic groups. From the case study will found out the climatic effect of using contemporary materials in the traditional Malay house by the following questions: How is the climate of Malaysia? How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional vernacular Malay house? How did the traditional vernacular Malay house being modernization? What are the climatic effects on the modern vernacular Malay house? Introduction In this paper, is to study and analyze the influences of Malaysia climatic factors on the design of the traditional vernacular Malay houses. Basically it is part of the research on the climatic effects on the contemporary construction materials in the traditional vernacular Malay houses in Malaysia. The study is more focused on the adaption of the local climate on the traditional vernacular Malay houses and how the building was transformed into modern vernacular Malay houses through the modernization process also the effects of using modern construction materials in the modern vernacular Malay houses. During the early 20th century, modernization and colonization periods the British had brought multiracial immigrants into Malaya. Then, Malaysia defines as a multiracial country that included Malays, Chinese, Indian and others. During the colonization period, multiracial group is staying separately. The majority staying in countryside mostly is Malays group and the Chinese and Indian were staying in the city. The Malay racial group depends heavily on the environment. Villages can be established even a single traditional Malay house and the additional houses came later. Normally, the buildings that built closely together were usually family members. The most significant characteristics of traditional vernacular Malay house are the adaption natural climatic factors in Malaysia. The traditional vernacular Malay house The traditional vernacular Malay house defines as a richest component of Malaysia cultural heritage. The buildings built with local materials and local techniques. Mostly, the occupant will participated in the process of design and construct, it is to manifest the aesthetic skills of the Malays. The site planning of the building based largely on Islamic beliefs and its environment. The layout was split into two parts, front and back yards. Obviously, front part will be the welcoming guest area and it is decorated with different types of ornamental plants and flowers. Back yard is the area linked to kitchen and washroom and it is placed near water, as the kitchen needs intense water usage. The marital status also reflected the architectural style of the building because of the Islamic beliefs. The house form had developed and modified over a long period to satisfy most of the cultural, occupants needs and circumstances changes. The traditional Malay houses are bamboo or timber houses raised on stilts (timber). The building mostly is a post and lintel structure with timber or bamboo walls and a thatched gabled shape roof. There are always large openings on the sides of the building to providing good ventilation. From a distance the traditional Malay house seems to integrate naturally with the environment. The large gabled shape roofs, dominates the low walls and with different orientations and sizes created an interesting visual form. Overall the Malay house is designed to cater the local climatic factors by various ventilation and local materials that are low thermal capacity materials. Besides the well adaption to the environment, the design of the traditional Malay houses are flexible is to cater the needs of user and it evolved a building system called prefabricated. Th e building has developed a sophisticated addition system that allows the building can be easily extended with the needs of the occupants. There were various traditional Malay house forms can be found in Peninsular Malaysia. Normally, they classified based on the shapes of roof. The basic forms of Malay house are called the bumbung panjang, bumbung lima, bumbung limas and bumbung perak. The most common design of the Malay house form was bumbung panjang that with a simple long gable roof, supported by the main posts. The bumbung panjang is the simplest one of the four roof shapes and it is an oldest identified in Malaysia. The bumbung panjang form became most popularity used on the Malay house among the poorer users and those built the buildings by themselves. Due to the bumbung panjang house form, it is simplicity and become a very efficient roof shape for the building. Mostly the material used for the bumbung panjang is attap. Attap is a thatch covered and tied together with nipah and others palm trees that can easily found in the local area. The simple funnel shape of bumbung panjang roof is a very efficient in ventil ation properties. The roof can cools the house effectively is because of using the ventilation grilles at the ends of the gable called tebarlayar and the ventilation joints to provide better ventilation. Besides the bumbung panjang, the bumbung lima, bumbung limas, and bumbung perak are all not origin tradition roof shapes, it has modified and developed through foreign influence. Furthermore, the bumbung lima Malay house always with a hipped roof, the bumbung perak Malay house form always with a gambrel roof and the bumbung limas house always with a pyramidal roof. Hence, they are two type of houses believed that were influenced by Dutch and British architecture during the colonization. Lastly the bumbung perak house form also known as the bumbung potongan Belanda which is a type of Dutch roof and it is a famous roof in East Coast. Originally, spaces in traditional Malay houses can be separated into front part and back portion. Therefore, the core house (rumah ibu) or main area must be at the front and the kitchen (Dapur Rumah Tengah) area will be on the back portions of the house. The selang is a closed walkway covered by leaves and used to be a linking device for the front and back portions. The selang is providing good ventilation and natural sunlight entering the house. Besides the location of the side entrance to the kitchen, it is also a space for womenfolk to socialize and chat. Most of the traditional Malay houses entrance there will be a covered porch called the anjung that acts as a transition place between the private and public spaces. The anjung will only used to entertain the unfamiliar visitors and it is a favorite space for the users to chat and rest. This floor was approximately 0.5 to 1 meter lower than the rumah ibu floor level. Beside the anjung was a hanging verandah (serambi gantung) wher e most of the guests will be entertained here and it is a one step down from the main house around 15 centimeters. The openings in the serambi gantung provide good views to outside and allowing natural ventilation entering the place where usually occurred daily activities. At the serambi gantung area can easily observed the embellishments like carving and grill of openings, balustrades and wall panels. Next to serambi gantung was the rumah ibu, which is the core area and it is the largest area and can defined as multi purpose area for most activities were conducted here. The rumah ibu floor level was the highest and cleanliness area white the kitchen (dapur) was the lowest level and untidy area of the house. How is the climate of Malaysia? The main characteristics of traditional Malay vernacular houses are it is well designed to cater the Malaysia climate. From the Malay houses we can notice it is designed with a very good understanding for nature. In the traditional Malay societies, the villagers were directly obtain most of the resources from the natural environment for theirs building materials, food and medicines. To understand better on the influences of local climatic factors on the Malay houses, must first understand the local climate, thermal requirements comfort and the conditions of the environment that the building will build. Malaysia is located in central South-East Asia and has a tropical weather. Due to the latitude and longitude, it gives Malaysia a warm humid equatorial that influenced by monsoonal climate. The monsoon climate here comes twice a year, the first monsoon season comes during the summer season and the other comes during winter season. The differences between the two monsoon season are summ er season bring lots of rainfalls and winter monsoon does not brings rain and is generally dry. The annual rainfall was averaging 80 inches to 100 inches. Furthermore, the climate here gives hot summer and high humidity throughout the year. The temperature here holds around 24 Celsius to 34 Celsius, which gives warm days and fairy cool nights. The annual humidity level was averaging about 75% or above. The high humidity climate causes the very high water vapour in the air. It can filter the solar radiation but it also speeded up the rotting, and the growth of algae. The local wind only comes in from northeast and southwest these two directions. Normally winds are in low variable speed, high variable speed wind will only occur when rain. Hence, the local climatic factors here were high temperatures, humidity and solar radiation. Based on the local climatic factors the building built here should able to achieve the thermal comfort. Therefore, rain, floods and strong winds must be control to achieve thermal comfort in Malaysia Malay houses. For thermal comfort, heat will produce from the human activities and metabolic process. The metabolic process will balance and maintain the body temperature (37celcius). The heat will release during the metabolism process of conversion of good into energy. The heat loss through convection, conduction and radiation can be negligible is due to the local temperature are almost same as the body temperature. Similarly, the perspiration is reduced and the body temperature is decreasing because of the high humidity. The saturated air envelope blocks the evaporation from the human body and it is easily form especially in humid climate. In the building ventilation is important because air fl owing can removed the saturated air envelope in order to accelerate evaporation. Similarity, a building without any ventilation, it will increase the temperature and humidity to an uncomfortable conditions. The main sources of body heat gaining are the local climatic factors conduction from the building fabric. Direct solar radiation is the main sources of body heat gaining, thus the proper design of controlling the direct solar radiation entering the building is the most important to achieve thermal comfort. Besides that, the type of materials used is one of the major sources because the high thermal capacity materials will absorbed heat and emitted to the interiors buildings. Therefore, heat gain from solar radiation must be minimized and maximized the ventilation in order to achieve the human thermal comfort in the house. How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional vernacular Malay house? Obviously, the traditional Malay vernacular house is well local climatic control building and it also influences by the local climatic factors. A local design of Malay house must have the following factors must raised up on stilts (timber), large opening on side, use low thermal capacity building materials (wood,timber,rattan,bamboo), controlling the direct sun radiation, a long thatched steep gable roof by attap , site planning and site layout. From the design of traditional Malay vernacular house, it is a very appropriate design to cater the tropical climate of Malaysia and it is more suitable to the Malaysia climate compared to the modern brick house. The raised up floor in traditional Malay house is maximizing the ventilation in the house as well as preventing the monsoonal rain floods. The raised floor is hardly seen in most modern house and the quality of openness in the building is shown by the voids in its window, ventilation grills, the open raised up bottom and the open int eriors. There are various features providing effective ventilation in Malay house. The purpose of elevated the floor on stilts is to catch high velocity of winds and the interiors with minimum partitions is to maximize the cross ventilation occur in the building. Normally, full-length opening and fully adjustable windows or louvers will surround the traditional Malay house. The carved panels on the top of the windows and wooden grilles also an important ventilation device. Behind the ventilation, the craving on wooden panels controlled the glare entering the house and it also representing the Islamic scripts. There are two effective ventilation devices on a simple gable roof. They are the sail-like gable-end (tebar layar) of the roof and the ventilation joints called patah both are very effective ventilation to direct air to ventilate the roof space. The houses in village are randomly arranged and planting the tree wisely around the house to allow natural flow through the building a nd integrated harmoniously with nature. The Malay house mostly built far apart for future extension to fulfill the needs of occupant. In the traditional Malay house, there are more voids than mass and it is a lightweight construction using natural materials to cater the local climate. The natural materials define as low thermal capacity materials and it is a very good in insulating. The long thatched roof with large overhands in traditional Malay house has reduced the solar radiation and it also designed to reduce direct sunlight. The low walls and large overhangs in Malay house, it make the shading easier and reduced the solar radiation also the glare from he open skies. Besides providing good shading, the large overhangs also gives protection against driving rain. The walls and overhangs have allowed the windows to be open in different situation weather. In addition, the external environment of Malay house mostly covered and shaded with trees or vegetation. This provides a cooler environment and lessened the reflective of glare for the house to set in. Traditionally, most of the Malay houses are oriented to face East-West for religious reasons and reduces direct exposure to heat from direct solar radiation. How did the traditional vernacular Malay house being modernization? Nowadays, most of the traditional vernacular Malay houses are being transforming into modern Malay house throughout the modernization period. The Malay houses were modernized due to the stress from urban redevelopment and sociality changes. The new Malay houses has different spatial layout also the used of construction materials and technique. Based on the case studies, the Malay houses in the kampong bharu were transformed the roof, wall, pillar and window. The external environment has also changes is hardly to see high and tall trees only short trees are planted there due to the limited space of the compound. The short and small trees also blocked most of the natural airflow passes through the house. Besides the changes of external environment, the interior of Malay houses was transformed into more walls to divide the rooms and spaces. The cross ventilation and natural air movement were reduced due to the mass partitioning walls inside the house. As I mentioned above, the roof is the most significant feature because the Malay house were categorized based on their roof types. The Malay house in the kampong mostly used bumbung panjang compared than the other 3 types of roof. This is because the type of roof is easier to construct and cheaper. From the site I have found some houses actually using different roof for theirs main and secondary roofs. The most famous combination types of roof in kampong are bumbung perak with bumbung panjang and bumbung panjang with bumbung panjang. The long gable steep roof has become gentler for the sloping degrees and regarding the tebar layar on the gable ends of the roof were modified the design or closed with wall panels. Traditionally, attap or wooden shingles were the main materials of the roof but generally now modern construction materials were often used than the traditional materials. Besides the transformation of roof, the walls and the openings also modified due to introduce of new arc hitecture during the colonization period. The traditional wall is made by bamboo and the traditional arrangements of wallboard were totally modified. The shuttered windows on the wall are one of the significant features to show the characteristic of Malay house. The faade of the Malay house can be separated into 3 parts, the carved wooden panels providing better ventilation mostly at the top part above the window, while the window or adjustable louvers always built at the middle and bottom parts. There are some Malay house walls still using the timber board but in the modern construction brick walls are replaced the traditional bamboo or timber board wall is due to the maintenance and long lasting problems. There are 3 main types of windows such as the short window (tingkap), the tall window (jendela) and the punched window. The aesthetic wooden balustrades behind the windows are being used for safety purposes. In origin of window pattern, the jendela and tiangkap window have a key feature to classify the windows pattern called Jenang pintu. Although, the windows in Malay house has the traditional elements but the proportion of the window has modified to slimmer and became closer of the gap between the windows. The western punched glass window was adopted modern glass louvers to maximizing the ventilation while maintaining the safety of the house. The traditional stilts are no longer in use since pillars are a very important structural to support load from the house. In general, the brick and reinforced concrete pillar were often used, with the increasing of concrete pillar heights spaces of underneath became more efficient. In the modern vernacular Malay house only used concrete pillars and the underneath is usually walled to fulfill the needs of user. The transformation of wooden pillars to concrete pillars is due to the concrete pillars is more suitable for supporting the loads. What are the climatic effects on the modern vernacular Malay house? After brought in the modern construction materials like zinc, cement, brick, glazing and aluminum louvers window into traditional Malay house has modified the traditional house forms and side effects of the high thermal capacity materials. The high thermal capacity materials are not suitable in local climate example like the zinc and asbestos roofs in Malay houses are generated more noise during the rains fall and gives a very hot interiors during the day. Besides the climatic effects the used of modern materials also causes the diminishing of traditional aesthetic skills and techniques of creating the complicated thatched attap roof. Other than used of zinc and asbestos materials, the bricks, cement and concrete are better materials use for creating walls especially the wet area parts and stronger structures for the house. Some of the Malay house has a closed underneath to create the house to double-storey house. Such change has transformed the light and airy Malay house into solid looking building. The full-length wooden window has been replace by the adjustable glass louvers window with aluminum frames. The louvers window has modified the traditional windows into smaller and closed the bottom part of the window. It causes the less efficiency of ventilation. The iron bar in louver window is for safety purpose but it totally destroyed the quality of openness in traditional Malay house. Conclusion Throughout the studies, the traditional vernacular Malay house was design to cater the local climate and it is one of the richest components of Malaysia cultural heritage. Besides the adaption of local climatic factors the houses also reflected the Islamic belief. The houses were developed and modified until it satisfies the user. Based on the research they are various house form in Malaysia, they only can be classified based on the roof types. Overall the traditional Malay house was adapted to the local climate and it is design such as random spatial layout, raised up floor, full-length windows and high-insulated roof. The shading tress and vegetation around the house also helps to cool down the temperature in the house. The orientation of house facing to east and west was influences by the religions reason and it helps reduced the direct sun light radiation. In the modern vernacular Malay house was transformed and modified to fulfill the needs of occupant but it still maintained the traditional roof shapes. The used of modern materials was directly changed the house form and brought climatic effects into the house. Secondly, introduce of modern materials the lightweight construction Malay house has transformed into more solid looking building and it also causes the diminishing of traditional skills. Overall, the sustainably in modern vernacular Malay house was transformed and also the traditional house forms were changed.

Nonfiction Literacy and Current Events Essays -- science, Sony, Microso

Technology is not only a computer it’s making something better. Technology has been advancing everything and making it better. Technology doesn’t even have to be an object it can be something that has to do with science. That’s why I think that technology is good because it is making everything advanced and better than it was before. Technology is good. Technology is good because it makes our lives a whole lot easier. One reason why technology is good is because sony and Microsoft both have good systems but they are battling and seeing who’s system is better and that’s just making the systems better for us to use. In the article it says â€Å"Video games used to be seen as something for teenage boys who didn't have a lot of friends. But now a video game customer can be just about anyone. People spend nearly $63 billion worldwide on games. Almost half of those who play games are women and one-third are older than 36.† that is a good thing that more people are enjoying the video games since they came out with better technology. Now there are more people buying it because of the new technology. Another reason why technology is good is because now there is a way that doctors can find out if a baby has autism within 2 months of birth and that’s a good thing because now they can find out early and treat them wh en they are little. In the article it proves that, â€Å"Doctors usually cannot determine if a child has an autism spectrum disorder until age 2 at least. But, a new study finds that signs of it can be seen as early as two months after birth.† Since the doctors can find autism that early they can try to treat them as soon as possible. That way it won’t get too serious. The last reason why technology is good is for medical reasons is becau... ...hy people that say technology is bad are wrong. Technology is good for these reasons, sony and Microsoft both have good systems but they are battling and seeing who’s system is better and that’s just making the systems better for us to use, there is a way that doctors can find out if a baby has autism within 2 months of birth and that’s a good thing because now they can find out early and treat them when they are little, and for medical reasons is because scientists and doctors are trying to train the special need kids to make eye contact with the person that is talking to them early in their lives so they will have experience later in their lives while talking to people. That is why technology is good. Works Cited "Newsela | Nonfiction Literacy and Current Events." Newsela | Nonfiction Literacy and Current Events. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.

Does Immigration Affect the American Economy Essay

The original inhabitants of North America were Native Americans. Imperial powers sought to colonize the new world; staking claims to harvest and export the resources. The first attempt by the imperial powers to colonize the Native Americans proved to be unsuccessful which lead to the beginning of the mass migration to the new world, America. The first and longest period of immigration from the 17th century to the early 19th century was marked by the landing of the first fleet with the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock commenced immigration within North America. The majority of the first migrants hailed from the British Isles, England, Welsh, Scotland and Ireland. Many of the first settlers were people who sought to start a new life, they were for the most part young and unable to adapt in the post Napoleonic period in modern society. America offered a new start where in exchange for a period of hard labor and indentured service they could acquire small pieces of land that they could work as independent farmers. Early immigration helped to make America successful and shaped American society. The Affects of Immigration in the Lower Working Class of America Introduction – The Lower Working Class The indentured servants were the first lower working class of Americans; men and women who sought to come to America but, were unable to pay for the voyage entered into an agreement with employers to work for a specified period of time in exchange for their voyage. The working class endured harsh labor and conditions; among the most notable populations of indentured servants were the Irish. The lowest class, the Irish population predominantly Catholic, were outcasts among the protestant Americans. The Irish endured aversion and a strong anti-Catholic sentiment; including the creation of a political party, The Know Nothings, the platform was built on anti-immigration and anti-Catholicism (Diner, 2008). Working Class Job Availability Before Immigration As America became more settled and the economy grew, infrastructure and industry drove the demand for immigrant workers. The 19th century introduced new technology resulted in more sophisticated ships and steamboats which made voyages less harsh for people of the world to make their trip to America; where the first settlers endured long journeys on ships that sailed. During this period there was influx of Europeans, Germans, Pols, Greeks and approximately 3 million Jews. They settled in the urban areas making up the industrial labor pool; thereby contributing to the American industrialization. The immigrant workforce made America one of the fastest growing industrialized nations in coal mining, textile factories, automobile assembly and steal manufacturing. Currently, many American companies are multinational, participating in international trade. Multinationals make America one of the largest competitors in the global market. Many American fortune 500 companies are seeking qualified immigrants for their talent pool and workforce diversification strategy. Companies such as Wells Fargo and Co. , CISCO, GAP Inc. attribute a portion of their global success to having an ethnically diverse workforce. Companies are coming together to share in best practices and competitive advantages of hiring immigrant professionals. Immigration and the American Economy New Consumers Immigrants as Consumers Immigrants now are contributing the strength of the middle, upper middle classes in America. For the most part, immigrants who successfully immigrate to America are well educated, have a wealth of experience and are driven to succeed. It is the strong middle class which supports the economy and contributes to consumer spending. The correlation between a strong middle class, consumer sentiment, and consumer spending is apparent in the performance of the economy. Gallup polls used to gauge consumer confidence and consumer spending among immigrant populations may be higher due to a more positive economic outlook vs. American sentiment. Immigrants as Business Owners The immigrant workforce has contributed to the success of the American economy through filling gaps in the workforce where work groups were lacking; I. e. computer science and service oriented fields. Reports from the Department of Commerce show successful business models in family owned and operated businesses for immigrant owned businesses. They are flourishing partly due to the sub economies created in close knit homogeneous towns and networks, for example China Town and Little Italy. There are also the service oriented businesses set up according to value driven models, offering highly desired services at discount prices in sectors such as salons, restaurants, as well as building and maintenance. These businesses provide many American’s with value added services at prices that are affordable to working class. Another attribute to the success of these businesses is that they tend to be significantly cashed up, using their own funds to set up and operate. Income Wage Differences Immigrant Fulfillment of Economic Labor Shortages Future of Immigration and the American Economy The future of immigration and the American Economy is uncertain; there is little room in the current administrations budget with regard to helping immigrants complete the process in a timely and efficient manner. The focus is currently on security and streamlining immigration processes as it relates to documenting immigrants and processing the current applications. Immigrants who are in pending statuses are likely to be denied due to time and budgetary constraints. The immigration issue is identifying those who are here illegally and then to decide what within legal and humanitarian boundaries what to do with this population. Many resources are being utilized to enforce and protect the border. This leaves the United States of America with a large dilemma, who will fill the jobs these people currently do and how will their absence affect the our economic productivity? The Long Term Immigration is becoming more difficult in United States; it is too soon to tell the economic impact. The affects of globalization support the ethnically diverse workforce and the overall success of multinational companies which in turn would support legal immigration. Current data would support the theory that for a country to be a strong competitor in the global market, it would have to possess a strong ethnically diverse world class workforce.

GRAHAM Surname Meaning and Origin

GRAHAM Surname Meaning and Origin The Graham surname is believed to be derived from an English place name which meant either gravelly homestead from the Old English grand, meaning gravel, or grey home from the Old English grasgham.  Most  of the original bearers of this surname came from Grantham in Lincolnshire, England. Graham is the 20th most common Scottish surname, and  first came into use in Scotland in the 12th century. Surname Origin: English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings: GRAEME, GRAHAME, GRAYHAM Where in the World is the GRAHAM Surname Found? According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the Graham surname is most common in Northern Ireland and Scotland. There are also many individuals named Graham living in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Forebears puts the Graham surname as the 12th most popular surname on Norfolk Island. Other countries with high density of individuals named Graham include Northern Ireland, Scotland, Jamaica, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Within Scotland, Graham is most common in  Dumfriesshire, followed by Peebleshire and Kinross-shire. Most of the Irish with the Graham surname live in Antrim, Northern Ireland. Famous People with the Last Name GRAHAM Alexander Graham Bell - inventor of the telephoneElizabeth Jennings Graham -  challenged segregation on public transportation in 1854, 100 years before Rosa ParksBill Graham -  legendary rock concert promoter  Billy Graham - television and radio evangelistSylvester Graham -  19th-century Presbyterian minister and inventor of the graham crackerMartha Graham - mother of modern danceKatherine Graham -  America’s first female Fortune 500 CEOBette Nesmith Graham - inventor of liquid paper/white out Genealogy Resources for the Surname GRAHAM Clan Graham Society: Theories on the Origins of the GrahamsNellie Graham Lowry, society genealogist for Club Graham Society, examines a variety of theories on the origins of the Graham surname. Graham Family DNA ProjectJoin over 370 researchers with the Graham surname or its variants interested in working together to combine Y-DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Graham ancestors around the world. Graham Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Graham surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Graham query. FamilySearch - GRAHAM GenealogyExplore over 4 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Graham surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GRAHAM Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Graham surname around the world. DistantCousin.com - GRAHAM Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Graham. The Graham Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Graham last name from the website of Genealogy Today. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) Discussion and Comparison in The Use of DIRT, ERP and CBT Therapies for Treatment essays

Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) Discussion and Comparison in The Use of DIRT, ERP and CBT Therapies for Treatment essays A variety of treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) behaviors through the years has resulted in a number of effective ways to treat those individuals affected by OC. Three treatments currently in use are the Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT), the Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) methods and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. There are also a number of different drugs used to treat the OC individual, in conjunction with the above mentioned therapies as well as by itself. In order to fully understand what type of disorder this paper is referring to an Obsessive-Compulsive behavior can be classified as; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition involving unwanted distressing thoughts and compulsive rituals concerning one or more general themes. (Abramowitz 2003 pg 1049). This paper will discuss the use of DIRT, ERP and CBT therapies for treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive behavior. The discussion will be limited to those individuals who are treated in regards to their compulsive obsession disorder with any of the methods. A comparison of the effectiveness of treatments featuring the use of drugs as compared to the effectiveness of treatments that forego such applications should lead to a conclusion of which particular method is most likely to lead to the most successful resolution to the exhibited behavior. Whether a doctor employs a psychological approach (sometimes coupled with medication) or the doctor exclusively uses drug therapies for treatment, are based on addressing the behavior of the sufferer with therapy. Throughout this paper the comparison between DIRT, ERP and CBT will focus primarily on the effectiveness of non-drug introducing therapies. Using DIRT to treat an OC patient seems a common sense approach to the problem, yet it was only during the latter part of the twentieth century that this particular method was developed. DIRT treats t...

Kantianism and Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Kantianism and Utilitarianism - Essay Example This paper will focus on evaluating a euthanasia case of Brophy, using utilitarianism and Kantianism. Brophy is a patient in persistent vegetative state, whose wife expressed the intent of carrying out passive euthanasia.Kantianism. Immanuel Kant described a deontological ethical philosophy titled as ‘Kantianism’. He made it evident that in his view, duty, good will, and moral worth were critical aspects in determining of the action taken. In his view, one could only settle on morally worth decisions when guided by goodwill and duty. He opined that duty was the only reason that should motivate an ethical action (Abel 24). According to him, human beings are moral agents that should use reasoning while making ethical decisions. He highlighted that certain maxims were critical as guidelines of making ethical decisions. These principles were the product and reason and were namely duty, goodwill, and categorical imperative. Goodwill is a critical moral maxim because he highli ghted that without goodwill, any positive trait or action does not qualify to be good (46). Therefore, the will determining why an individual carries out a certain action cannot receive underestimation in deontology. He advanced his views to highlight that the only way in which an individual could exhibit good will was through taking action out of duty.In Kant’s definition, good will denotes the ability of human beings in taking decisions based on principles.

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome Research Paper

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome - Research Paper Example While the different types of games including horse racing, gladiatorial combat and so on, all emerged from different origins, each had two important functions: to provide entertainment and titillation to the population, keeping them happy to be part of the Pax Romana and establishing aspects of Roman culture and rule across the breadth of the giant Empire, and as a commercial venture for those involved. There were two major types of games held during the Roman era: chariot racing and gladiatorial combat. Both were immensely popular, but chariot racing was one somewhat more common than gladiatorial games (Romano 387), partly because of the cost of the gladiatorial games, which could often end with an incredibly expensive and well trained slave being wounded or even killed. It is estimated that at their height, there were twenty-four races a day on sixty-six days of the year, meaning that races were relatively common but still rare enough to be of great entertainment value (Bennet 42). Chariot races would consist of several competitors racing in an oval around central pier in a building called a circus or, after the Greek fashion, a hippodrome. Roman chariot racing evolved from the Greek practice, which had been ongoing for centuries, with a recorded history dating back to the first Panhellenic games (Levick 117). Though the Roman one was probably adapted from the Etruscan adaption of Greek racing, it was also probably directly influenced by the Greek practice (Matz 33). While the evolution of Roman chariot racing evolved slowly over many centuries, and has distinctive origins that are somewhat difficult to trace, the origins of gladiatorial games, which involved two slaves fighting each other for public entertainment, are a bit clearer. It seems that it was an Etruscan religious practice amongst the wealthiest people in society to hold funerary games to send off the dead: perhaps to give them a companion to accompany them to the underworld (Minowa 89). These the n began to be a part of traditional religious practices during the Roman ludi (games), which were massive week long festivals that would also include dramatic performances, religious festivities honoring Jupiter, music, and other activities (including chariot racing) (Plecket 160). Gladiatorial combats were also held by various wealthy and/or powerful Romans (people were rarely one without being the other) for various reasons, including celebrating an event like a military victory, ascension to a position and so on (Tataki 369). While the origins of both chariot racing and gladiatorial games are somewhat obscure and debated, their role in Roman society is relatively clear. The Roman state, and the people who ran it, saw games as part of their patrician obligation to their populace (Boatwright 190). They would keep the population happy and entertained as well as thankful to the Roman state. This was true of games that were held as a part of ludi, which also had religious significance , as well as one-off games that were often more explicitly designed for entertainment. Furthermore, amphitheaters and circi were often installed in smaller cities in Roman provinces, making their connection with the Roman state strong and centralizing the importance of Roman culture that might be quite distant from its centre, Rome (Carter 300). This all plays a central part of the Roman character, the idea